Date: 28 Oct 2021 (Thursday) Test Time: 20:00 – 21:00 Submission Time: 20:00 – 21:15 Submission Deadline Time: 21:15 (Late submission will not be accepted) Scope: L1 – L6, and corresponding tutorials Format:
Take-home Test (Open Book Test)
Four Programming Questions, 25 marks each
Type your answers on the answer sheet provided (available in Moodle before the test). Submit the PDF format of the answer sheet to Moodle submission link.
Q3. The structure is under two concentrated forces, one distributed force, and one concentrated moment as shown, Assume the support at B is a roller, and C is a fixed connected joint. Determine (a) the reactions at supports A and B, (b) the maximum bending moment in the structure.
[6 pts] Calculate the product xp of the position and momentum uncertainties for the ground state 0 and for the rst excited state 1 of the harmonic oscillator. It may be useful to recall the denitions of the position and momentum operators in terms of ^a and ^a+: ^x = r h 2m! (^a + ^a+); ^p = i r m!h 2 (^a ^a+): (1) 2 What is Momentum Anyway? [10 pts] Prove that d hxi
dt
hpi m : Hint: it is helpful to recall the following formulas: ih @ @t = h2 2m @2 @x2 + V (x) ; (2) h^ Qi = Z 1 1 (x; t)^Q (x; t)dx; (3) ^p = ih @ @x : (4) 3 Double Delta Potential [14 pts] Consider a particle of mass m in a potential given by V (x) = [(x + a) + (x a)]; ; a > 0: This system has two bound states for very large a, but only a single bound state for very small a.
(2 pts) The stationary states in this potential may be taken to be either even or odd. Explain why in one sentence. (Hint: either look at the form of V (x) or consider the parity operator.)
(4 pts) Sketch the wave functions of the two bound states for very large a. Be sure to label which of the two is the ground state and which is the excited state. Then sketch the wave function of the single bound state for very small a. For arbitrary a > 0, the bound state energies E are determined by the following transcendental equation for the variable = p 2mE=h: e2a = ( h2 m 1; (x) even; 1 h2 m ; (x) odd: (5)
(3 pts) Find the energies of the even and odd bound states in the limit as a goes to innity.
(3 pts) Find the energy of the single bound state in the limit as a goes to zero.
(2 pts) Estimate the value of a at which the system goes from having one bound states to two. You are NOT expected to solve for a exactly. 2 4 Half Harmonic oscillator [8 pts] Consider the half-harmonic oscillator potential (which represents, for example, a string which can be stretched but not compressed), given by the potential V (x) = ( 1 2m!2×2 for x > 0; 1 for x 0:
(4 pts) What are the allowed energies? Explain your reasoning.
(4 pts) What is the wave function for the ground state of the half-harmonic oscillator, written as a function of x? Make sure your solution is normalized. 5 Two-Level System [14 pts] Consider the photons and polarizers described in class, which is an instance of a two-level system. Recall that the elements of the polarization vector correspond to probability amplitudes, similar to the expansion coecients cn of wave functions.
(3 pts) For a photon incident on a linear polarizer aligned in the ^x direction (meaning that it transmits photons in the jxi-polarized state), what is the transmission probability if the initial polarization vector of that photon is ~E = Ex^x + Ey ^y?
(3 pts) A photon prepared in the jxi state is incident on a linear polarizer oriented at angle relative to ^x. Solve for and sketch a graph of the probability of transmission (i.e. the probability that the photon makes it through the polarizer) as a function of .
(4 pts) As we showed in class, using the fjxi; jyig basis, an `x-polarizer’ transmits photons polarized in the x-direction while re ecting photons polarized in the y-direction. It makes a measurement of the operator (expressed in the fjxi; jyig basis) 1 =
1 0 0 1
: (6) A polarizer rotated at +45 degrees relative to the ^x-axis measured the operator 2 =
0 1 1 0
: (7) What is the operator corresponding to a polarizer oriented at +30 degrees relative to the ^x-axis?
(4 pts) Consider a particle prepared in the right-hand polarized state, j i = jRi = p1 2 (jxi + ijyi). For times t < 0, the Hamiltonian for this particle is 0: in other words, it does not interact with anything and nothing changes about its state. For times t 0, the following Hamiltonian is turned on: ^H = jxihxj jyihyj
= jxi jyi
1 0 0 1
hxj hyj
; 0: (8) Under the time evolution governed by ^H, is there ever a time t when the state becomes [a] j (t)i = jLi = p1 2 (jxi ijyi)? Explain your reasoning. If yes, what is the rst time t when this occurs? [b] j (t)i = jxi? Explain your reasoning. If yes, what is the rst time t when this occurs? 3 6 Rigged Hilbert Space [8 pts] Consider complex-valued functions f; g of a real variable x, with inner product dened as hfjgi = R 1 1 f(x)g(x)dx. For the following functions, name the most restricted space to which they belong: nuclear space, Hilbert space, extended space, or none of the above.
According to the graph, the opportunity cost incurred by the economy to increase its production of rice from 50 tons to 85 tons would be 25000-10000=15000 cars.
b)
According to the graph, only points on the production probability curve utilises its existing resources efficiently. They would be point B,C and D.
c)
Point a is above the production potential current, so using its current resources cannot achieve combination A unless more resources are borrowed.
d)
i)
Rainstorm will do harm to rice fields and increase the production cost of rice, which can also be understood as the reduction of resources for rice production. At the same time, the rainstorm may inundate the automobile factory, which will increase the production cost of automobiles, which can also be understood as the reduction of resources used to produce automobiles. Therefore, the PPC curve will move to the left and down as a whole.
ii)
If Japan relocates its car factories to higher ground, future floods will mainly affect rice fields, increasing the production cost of rice. It can also be understood as reducing the resources used to produce rice, but almost without affecting the production of cars. Therefore, the PPC curve moves to the left on the rice side, while the car side remains basically unchanged.